The Academic Expository Essay - 1191 Words

The Academic Expository Essay The academic expository essay is a genre of essay that requires the student to investigate an idea, evaluate evidence, talk about the idea, and present an argument concerning that idea in a clear and concise manner. This can be accomplished through: 1. Cause and effect 2. Comparison and contrast 3. Argumentation and various other genres. Please note: Academic essays of cause and effect, comparison and contrast and argumentation are commonly assigned as a tool for classroom evaluation and is often found in various exam formats. The Five-Paragraph Essay A common method for writing an academic expository essay is the five-paragraph approach. This is, however, not the only formula for but many†¦show more content†¦So, higher oil prices produce higher gasoline prices raising the cost of shipping goods. Higher oil prices produce higher jet fuel costs raising the cost of travel, and so on. Higher oil prices is the cause, and increased shipping costs and travel expenses are among the effects. Writing tasks involving cause and effect analysis usually take one of the following forms: * explaining how a known/given cause produces a specific effect or effects (not given) * this essay will present the various effects (not given in question) of unhealthy eating habits (given in question) on children. Questions are often worded in the following ways: What are some implications of...How does...affect...What are the effects of...Present specific results of...List at least 3 repercussions of... | * explaining how a specific effect (given/known) is produced by a specific cause or causes (not given) * this essay lists the three most significant causes (not given in question) for the high failure rate among students at varsity level (given in question). Questions are often worded in the following ways: What has brought about the occurrence of ...What are some of the factors that have lead to...What are the causes of...What are the reasons behind... | Comparing and Contrasting Essays Academic writing tasks also require analysis of similarities and differences betweenShow MoreRelatedHow Personal Responsibility Will Lead to My Success Essay1089 Words   |  5 Pagesresponsibility will lead to my success in and beyond school because it gives me the confidence to succeed, and will lead to a better life for my family and me. Now as to my approach for this paper I am writing this essay according to The Descriptive Essay (2011), The descriptive essay is a genre of essay that asks the student to describe an object, person, place, experience, emotion, situation, etc. This genre encourages the student’s ability to create a written account of a particular experience. What isRead MoreThe Academic Writing Processes Is The Second Strategy For Pre Writing953 Words   |  4 PagesOne of the academic writing processes is pre-writing. Pre-writing has two strategies; one of the strategies is invention strategies. The invention strategies is an organizer that presents strategies for â€Å"inventing† ideas or details that may be organized and developed in an essay or in a writing form. An example is brainstorming; this technique is the process of rapidly listing or developing information about a topic. As you brainstorm the ideas, do not worry whether they are bad or good. AnotherRead MoreComparison Of T honney, Williams, And Mcenerney1750 Words   |  7 Pagesallows us to credit those who have impacted our lives positively. Furthermore, Academic essay writing is an important and effective piece in one’s life in order to gain knowledge that will allow us to present our ideas clearly and logically. Furthering your education consist of constantly writing papers in many college courses in order to convey your message across, therefore, it is important to be aware of how Academic Writing impacts ones education. Lucy Maud Montgomery, Edgar Allen Poe, and WilliamRead MoreLetter Essay1312 Words   |  6 Pagesjbs321@nyu.edu N.Y.U. Poly Expository Writing Program Dibner 110 Office hours by appointment Writing the Essay Fall 2012 Writing the Essay is a workshop-style writing class, a forum for students to develop complex ideas, think about the characteristics of effective and compelling writing, and engage in a conversation about the essay form. The goal of the course is for you to improve as a writer, reader, and critical and creative thinker, and for you to write essays that are finished productsRead MoreThe Real Tragedy Of Romeo And Juliet928 Words   |  4 Pagesfinal grade in the class prior to being enrolled in Critical Writing, WTNG 200 or 220. Entering college, I was most worried about taking Expository Writing because writing has never been one of my strengths. I have always struggled with writing transitions, and have made endless grammatical mistakes, including comma splices and tense changes. I hoped that Expository Writing would help me with these writing mistakes. Another thing that I hoped that WTNG 102 would do for my writing is that it would†¦Ã‚  OverRead MoreI Am A Successful Writer894 Words   |  4 Pageswriting process; it can prove to be an insurmountable challenge. Like any other job, creating an excellent paper only becomes easier if the person has the correct tools and knowledge of how to use them. Superior writing does not happen by chance. Essays are deliberate, focused ways of conveying a message to the audience. In order to deliver a paper that clearly communicates with the reader; the author must go through a process that is not linear but rather recursive. The work is often rewritten,Read MoreHow to Write Good Essey1042 Words   |  5 Pages | |COURSE OUTLINE | |ESSAY WRITING | | Read MoreThe Difference Between Essay Writing And Writing903 Words   |  4 PagesEssay writing and report writing is quite much similar that many of people get confused in the difference between essay writing and report writing. Inspite of having some similarities, they both are written insignificantly different styles. Essay writing and report writing should be written in a formal academic style with checking of grammar,presentations and spelling . There are some similar things in essay writing and report writing because both start with an introduction, body with discussionsRead MoreEssay Educational Theory of Teaching Writing1834 Words   |  8 Pageslarge suburban school, Elbow’s work seemed to work perfectly with the students with whom I was teaching. However, after this large public school experience, I found myself in a small private competitive prep school where there was an emphasis on expository prose. I think that at that phase I was still able to work in some of Elbow’s ideal in conjunction with what the school asked me to do. Then, I came to my current position, and somehow, over the past six years, I have changed as a teacher. SomewhereRead MoreLearning And Using Knowledge Of The Writing Essay826 Words   |  4 Pagescompetency could hold up to college academic standards. I took Expository Writing with Professor James Brady. Over the semester, multiple learning objectives were learned through my essays. These learning objectives were subject matter knowledge, writing process knowledge, rhetorical knowledge, genre knowledge, and meta-cognition. The first essay written in the class was based on the premise of an instance where we fell in love with reading or writing. This essay involved learning and using knowledge

Stereotypes And Misconceptions Of The World - 1695 Words

Don’t Judge People If everyone in the world got along then there wouldn t be no drama or hating whatsoever and quite frankly that seems like a boring world to live in. That’s why there needs to be hate in the world to keep things live and not dull like a utopia. Stereotypes and misconceptions fit the mold of making the world a funnier and hateful place. These two terms are based upon making assumptions about certain types of people, religion and races, basically anything that makes a person different than another. These are defense mechanisms so people can protect themselves with harmful words from things that they don’t understand. Many cartoon shows known as â€Å"anime† originated in Japan and have become really popular in the United†¦show more content†¦A well known example of a stereotype is that anybody that wears glasses is automatically smart. Which can be believed since it’s glorified in movies and t.v shows. Whether these beliefs about the group characteristics are true or not they still influence the way people think. Which leads to social categorization and therefore people can tell someone’s role of just being part of a group. On the same note, misconceptions which go hand and hand with stereotypes can also manipulate one’s perception about a group of people. For the same faulty reason misconceptions occur when a false opinion about a group are formed based on untruths, which are usually assumptions. It’s a view that is incorrect and is usually hard to find, since it comes from no truth. An example of controversial misconception is that playing video games can make a person violent. In an online article by Inez Dawoodjee states some examples such as â€Å" That all people that live in Africa live in Huts† Which can be believed since many people have never visited Africa and only hear lies. It’s easy to confuse these too with discrimination or prejudice since today s society gets easily offended, but in reality the terms should not be confused since the are completely different. Discrimination is when people get treated different and prejudice occurs whenShow MoreRelatedThe Chal lenges Of Stereotypes Within Africa1513 Words   |  7 PagesThe Challenges of Stereotypes within Africa Between America and other European nations, stereotypes and misrepresentations have ultimately plagued the continent of Africa. To every side there is often another story, yet unfortunately for the many countries of Africa, they are ultimately victimized and suffer through further oppression. According to Curtis Keim’s book Mistaking Africa, Keim suggests that Africa is essentially under the public microscope, it tends to be scrutinized, and compared toRead MorePersepolis, By Marjane Satrapi, And Things Fall Apart1333 Words   |  6 Pagesparticular society, group or place.† These different cultures are viewed several different ways around the world, and these views sometimes lead to misconceptions and stereotypes. Two novels, Persepolis, By Marjane Satrapi, and Things Fall Apart, By Chinua Achebe, take their works and shatter the stereotypical views of their cultures (Native Africans and Iranians) made by the western world. They show you that what you always hear about one culture or individual may not always be accurate, and theRead MoreStereotypes and Misconceptions of Paganism Essay893 Words   |  4 PagesStereotypes and misconceptions are mainly false assumptions and beliefs about different cultures and groups. The reason as to why stereotypes and misconceptions exist is because many individuals Stereotypes are basically oversimplified images or ideas used to describe the gender, nationality or even nature of a certain type of person. While some stereotypes are humourous, they can also provide a negative impact upon their targets. Misconceptions, on the other hand, are false and rude accusationsRead MoreCultural Adoption : Looking Through A New Lens1425 Words   |  6 Pagesnot have to be of that culture by birth to do these things. In a world of highly-technologized media, social apparatuses, and widespread ideas, one would think that the prospect of cultural misunderstandings would be nil in their effects toward modern society, however, somehow these plaguing stereotypes, generalizations, and inaccurate prototypes make it through the filter of a highly educated world. Therein lies the problem-the world is not as educated as many might perceive. Thousands of developingRead MoreLanguage, Gender, and Culture in Society1690 Words   |  7 Pages In many circles of the world, various groups of people distinguish themselves from one another through religion, language, culture, and sometimes gender. People also develop stereotypes about a particular group of people in order to identify them. However, most of the time, these stereotypes hold true for only some members of a group. Sometimes, these stereotypes are just plain misconceptions that do not even apply to the group it claims to. Stereotypes are placed on people because it is a way toRead MoreMy Mother, If She Had Won Free Dance Lessons And The Cab Driver Who Ripped Me Off945 Words   |  4 PagesMany stereotypes that address different types of people exist today . Stereotypes are popular, fixed, and oversimplified ideas that are typically associated with particular demographics. These ideas can be viewed negatively or positively. Stereotypes may foster or perpetuate misconceptions about some demographics. In the poems, â€Å"My Mother, If She Had Won Free Dance Lessons† and â€Å"The Cab Driver Who Ripped Me Off,† both written by Cornelius Eady, contain characters who are susceptible to misconceptionsRead MoreThe Search For One’S Purpose And Identity In The World1421 Words   |  6 PagesThe search for one’s purpose and identity in the world never truly ends. However, the unavoidable mistake that everyone has made and continue to make is to derive one’s worth and self-image from the constructs of social misconceptions, manifested in the form of stereotypes. As organisms that instinctively seek belonging and acceptance by a group, as individuals, not submitting or rebelling against established social cues could endanger someone to persecution or even isolation. ThereforeRead MoreChallenging Aging Stereotypes : Strategies For Creating A More Active Society Essay1548 Words   |  7 PagesIn Dr. Marcia Ory’s article titled Challenging Aging Stereotypes: Strategies for Creating a More Active Society, many common misconceptions about the elderly are presented and disputed, while also addressing the effect these stereotypes have on the elderly’s view of themselves and how it affects their physical wellbeing. Solutions to getting the older population active and engaged while taking care of their bodies are also presented. This assessment provides a comprehensive breakdown of these topicsRead MoreMuslim Women Essay943 Words   |  4 Pagesthe disdain for Muslims, â€Å"We should invade their countries, kill their leaders and convert them to Christianity† (as cited in Arab American National Museum, 2011). While this particular statement was directed at all Muslims, there are also many misconceptions directed s olely at Muslim women. In this essay, I will discuss the issue of Muslim women and some of the ways in which their reality contradicts the common media representations of women in that area. The first common media representationRead MoreStereotypes Against Asian-Americans1464 Words   |  6 PagesStereotypes Against Asian-Americans The concept of stereotype is defined as â€Å"a belief that associates a group of people with certain traits† (Kassin, Fein, Markus et al., 2008, p. 133), which can influence a person’s thinking process and perception of others as well as the world. Stereotypes are related to other concepts, such as prejudice and discrimination, which strengthen the distortion of people’s reality. Another component of a stereotype includes the concept of outgroup homogeneity

MY FIRST TATOO Essay Example For Students

MY FIRST TATOO Essay I HAD MADE THE DECISION AND THERE WAS NO TURNING BACK. AS WE PULLED INTO THE PARKING LOT, I REALIZED HOW INSIGNFICANT THE BUILDING WAS IN COMPARISON TO THE PAIN IT HELD INSIDE. AND YET, I HAD DETERMINED MY FATE WHEN I GOT INTO THE CAR TO COME HERE. LIVING ARTS, WHAT A WONDERFUL AND INTRIGUING NAME FOR AN ESTABLISHMENT WHOSE SOLE PURPOSE IS TO CAUSE ITS PATRONS INVITED PAIN. WITH A DEEP BREATH AND SOME ENCOURAGING WORDS OF MORAL SUPPORT FROM MY COMPANIONS, I ENTERED THE FRONT DOORS OF THE TATOO PARLOR. ONCE MY EYES ADJUSTED TO THE DIM LIGHTING, I STOOD FIXED IN THE DOOR WITH AMAZEMENT. I WAS IN A WAITING AREA THAT WAS OBIVOUSLY DESIGNED BY REJECTS FROM INTERIOR DESIGN SCHOOLS NATIONWIDE. THE FURNITURE APPEARED TO BE REFUGEES FROM THE 1970S SELECTION OF THE LANDFILL. I COULDNT HELP BUT TO THINK THAT THESE MUTATED FORMS OF ONCE VITAL LIVING ROOM SUITES WOULD BE BETTER OFF IF THEY HAD REMAINED BURIED. ONCE I REGAINED MY SENSES, I SLOWLY SCANNED THE CHEAPLY PANELED ROOM IN HOPES TO LOCATE ANY FAMILIAR ITEM FROM THE PRESENT DECADE. WHAT I FOUND WAS TWO WALLS LINED WITH POSTER SIZED FLIP FOLDERS. I WALKED OVER TO THE FIRST ROW OF FOLDERS AND STARTED TO THUMB THROUGH THEM. MY EYES GLAZED OVER AS WHIRS OF MULTI-COLORED CREATIONS SWEPT PAST THEM IN INDISTINGUISHABLE BLURS. THEN, LIKE A SHOT IN THE DARK, A TINY YELLOW FORM CAUGHT MY ATTENTION. I BLINKED TWICE TO PULL MY EYES INTO FOCUS AND THERE IT WAS MY FIRST TATOO. IT WAS THE MOST PERFECT SUNFLOWER I HAD EVER SEEN. I HURRIED TO THE COUNTER TO TELL MY SKIN ARTIST WHAT MY PERMANENT FLESH PAINTING WOULD BE. WHEN HE WENT INTO THE BACK TO FIND MY TREASURED DESIGN, I GLANCED INTO THE PRINT COVERED GLASS CASE I WAS PROPED UP ON. INSIDE THE BLUE TINTED CASE WERE TWO SHELVES LITTERED WITH TINY SILVER HOOPS OF ALL SHAPES AND SIZES. THERE WAS A SIGN IN THE RIGHT CORNER THAT READ IF YOU HAVE IT WE WILL PIERCE IT. MY ONLY THOUGHT WAS NOT ME! MY TORTURE PROFESSIONAL RETURNED AND SAID IT WAS TIME TO GET STARTED. I SUDDENLY FELT WEAK, AND THROUGH SOME UNKNOWN FORCE OF WILL, I FOLLOWED HIM INTO HIS STUDIO. I WAS BLINDED BY THE NEON GLOW OF THE OVERPOWERING FLORESCENT FIXTURES. AFTER BEING IN THE DUSK LIT WAITING ROOM, MY EYES HAD FORGOTTEN REAL LIGHT. THE SNAP OF RUBBER GLOVE BROUGHT ME OUT OF MY TRANCE AND THE ARTIST POINTED TO HIS CHAIR. WITHOUT A SECOND THOUGHT I DROPPED MY PANTS AND SLID INTO A BARBER TYPE CHAIR WITH WORN ARMRESTS. I WATCHED THE FINGERS OF THE ARTIST AS HE SKILLFULLY ASSEMBLED HIS TATOO GUN AND CHECKED THE CURRENT FROM THE BATTERIES. WITH A LIMBER MOVEMENT HE FILLED TINY POTS WITH HIS MIXTURES OF PAINT AND ALCHOL. I SLIPPED INTO A DREAM STATE AS THE GUN WAS BROUGHT DOWN TO MY LEG. IT WAS AS IF I COULD SEE THE TINY NEEDLE PIERCING MY FLESH OVER AND OVER, LIKE A TINY SWORD TEARING THROUGH MY EXPOSED NERVES. I FELT AN INTENSE FREEZE IN MY MUSCLES AS THEY FOUGHT TO RELIEVE THE SCORCHING FLESH THAT ENCASED THEM. AND AS THE HEAT ENGULFED MY UPPER LEG, MY EARS PICKED UP ON THE SINSTER DUET OF THE HUMMING LIGHT FIXTURE AND THE CLOD BUZZ OF THE TATOO GUN. MY LIP AND BROW WERE COATED WITH A THIN SHEAN OF SWEAT. RIGHT WHEN I THOUGHT THAT I WOULD DIE IF HE WNT ON, THE BUZZING STOPPED. I SLOWLY LOOK DOWN TO MY LEG AND SAW A BRIGHTLY COLORED PAINTING WHERE THE PAIN HAD BEEN. AS THE FLESH COOLED, I NOTICED A CLEAR LIQUID BEGAN TO RISE UP FROM THE WOUNDED MEAT. I FELT THE COLOR RUSH TO MY FACE ALONG WITH A SENSE OF SATISFACTION. AS MY COMPANIONS PRAISED MY FOR MY NEWEST TRIUMPH IN PERMANT STUPIDITY, I THOUGHT TO MYSELF HOW GLAD I WAS THAT IT AWS OVER. IN FACT, I REALIZED THE PAIN WAS NOT TOO ENTIRELY BAD. AT LEAST IT WASNT INTENSE ENOUGH TO STOP ME FROM GETTING TWO MORE TATOOS.

The Legal Versus The Scientific Definition of the Word an Example of the Topic Literature Essays by

The Legal Versus The Scientific Definition of the Word `Organic’ Introduction Need essay sample on "The Legal Versus The Scientific Definition of the Word `Organic" topic? We will write a custom essay sample specifically for you Proceed Everything is going organic in the world, from food items to soaps. There is no time in history when consumers have become so much aware of the effects of the products that they consume on their health. With consumers attentive one what they are buying as a seemingly movement towards the natural every item is suddenly turning herbal or organic. The word organic has become the magic word in the households and the business are not taking any chance about it. Everyday, there is a revolution of a product and it is remarketed with an organic appeal. In supermarket and general stores, all items are labeled organic. Whether there is real organic meaning in these items or whether the use of the term is for consumer attraction remains unclear as we are still struggling to come to terms with the correct definition of the word. Some products may be really organic according to the scientific and legal definitions while others may be really meant to attract consumer by asserting the health benefits of the product. (Consumer Union, 1998) Students Very Often Tell EssayLab support:How much do I have to pay someone to make my paper online?Essay writers suggest: Essaylab.Com Offers A Top-Quality Academic EssayWritten Essays For Sale Order Essay Online Review How to do Assignment Custom Essay Company The term organic doesnt have a standard meaning. The meaning of the term largely varies depending on the context of use whether it is scientific, colloquial, or political in nature. There has been a considerable confusion in the recent past while trying to define the word or in attempt to characterize the product which falls under the category of organic products. The use of the term largely depends on the context under which it is being used. The word has its roots on biology, chemistry and lately, it has found a political definition. Therefore every time you encounter this word, it is advisable to determine the context under which it is being used in light of the three categories since it is the context that will dictate the intended definition. (Global Oneness, 2008) Definition of organic Plant Health Care Inc. (2003) assert that the world organic is one of the most used words in English language. It has several different meaning but the scientific and legal (political) definition stands out as most controversial. To understand the full definition of the term regardless of the context under which it is used, let us first look at the general definition of the word from the dictionary. This would be the Standard English definition of the world. A look at the definition of the world from different versions of dictionaries gives the following definition Of, relating to, or that which affects organs or an organ of the body Of, relating to, or that which has been derived from living organism A vegetable, fruit or meat which has been grown without synthetic fertilizers or application of pesticides That which is simple, healthful or closely related to nature That which resembles a living organism in its organization or in development These are the standard definition the word organic from dictionaries. This definition takes in the scientific and the legal meanings of the word. These definitions forms the basic definition from which were are going to relate and derive our scientific and legal definition of the word. Scientific definition Science can be traced as the root of the word even before it has than the legal and political dimension. The legal and political definition has just surfaced with the increased controversy over the organic products and their use. In the scientific definition, the word organic has two meaning including chemical and biological. (USDA, 2008) In a chemical definition, a substance is usually considered organic it has a molecular structure which is based on bonding properties of a carbon atoms. In the scientific terms, any molecule which has carbon atoms except some few cases is considered organic under the chemical definition, all the carbon compounds would be considered organic since they all trace their carbon component from the basic photosynthesis process which fixes the carbon atom. The chemical definition is therefore at the center of the science of organic chemistry since it deals with all the substances which contain carbon elements. The other scientific definition would be the biological definition. Although the biological definition of the term has been changing over the years, we would assume a classical biology definition under which an organic substance is anything that is derived from the living organism. These are substances which are based on carbon and therefore they all adhere to the chemical definition that we have reviewed above. However biological definition would be refereeing to the source of the substance instead of the chemistry of the substance. This is an important distinction between the chemistry and the biological definition. (Plant Health Care Inc., 2003) According to Plant Health Care Inc. (2003) a substance can therefore e organic by chemical definition by it would not be by biological definition. For example, formononetin is used as a stimulant of VAM fungi. This substance has a molecular structure which is based on carbon. The substance occurs naturally in clover and in some other plants but it can also be synthesized through a chemical process in the laboratory and mostly for commercial use. Can we really consider this substance as organic? Using the scientific chemical definition, Formononetin would be always considered as an organic substance since it has a molecular structure which is based on carbon. However if we use a classical biological definition, the substance would be considered organic only when it has been derived from a particular plant. If it has been prepared in the laboratory, then the classical biological definition would consider the substance as synthetic. Legal (political) definition Plant Health Care Inc. (2003) asserts that the legal definition of the organic has become important of late due to the increased consumer movement questioning eth effect of consumer product on their health. This has been compounded by the increasing rate of lifestyle disease and the debate on genetically modified foods. The current theory in legal definition of the term organic is intertwined with the concept that the food items which are produced naturally without using any synthetic materials like fertilizers or pesticides are seen tastier and healthier. However not any food that is said to be grown naturally that can fit to the legal definition of the word organics. There are some rules and legal justification that has been put in place by various countries which defines anything organic. The application of the world in the legal world has mostly leaned on food products. The legal definition is sealed through a legal organic certification which clearly lays down the criteria that can constitute organic ingredients (Soil Association, 2008). What is complicating the legal definition of the term organic? There are many constrains to the legal definition of the term. Most of them are merely political while others require an in-depth thought and consideration before judging their effect on the word. For example, the growth of natural plants will require inorganic components like light, water, carbon dioxide and other minerals. All these components are available in nature but there are problem with their interpretation. While we take water to be natural, can we use chlorinated water to grow plants? When we are using light, must we always relay on the natural sunlight or can artificial light play the same role? Which criteria can we use to determine whether we can use mineral fertilizers and can it be accepted for organic certification? (Stokstad, 2002) There are some of the questions which are considered merely political since they are only designed to satisfy a perceived distinction in human rather than a biological distinction. Plants are not aware whether they are using artificial or natural light or when the fertilizer applied was natural or manmade. Plant Health Care Inc. (2003) argues that because of the sensitive nature in the definition of the term, certification programs have become very common in many countries. These programs have also turned to be very elaborate and expensive processes in determining which process or ingredients or chemicals can be considered natural and acceptable. There are stringent measures that a farmer has to fulfill in order to be granted an organic certification although there is a very great degree of variance. For example, it has been observed that in some certification programs, a farmer can actually demonstrate that his soil is in great mineral deficiency and therefore one may be allowed to use micronutrients. However his products will not be considered wholly organic according to legal definition and therefore will have to seek a variance. The legal definition of the term includes some legally agreed standards that a product must meet in order to be considered as organic. Every country has its own institution that is mandated with ensuring that organic products meet the required standards. It is these institutions which issue farmers with organic certificates. For example the National Organic Program in United States The national Organic Program is the federal institution that provides the regulatory framework governing all organic products. The organic Food Production Act 1997 provides the guidelines for acceptable legal standards for products which are considered organic. This act also requires the USDA to come with national standards for the production of organic products. In return the USDA has credited other 56 domestic certification agencies and other 41 foreign accredited agencies which offer organic certification services. (National Organic Program, 2008) NOP operation covers all the details in aspect of food production, processing and delivery, and the use of the products in the retail sales. NOP further assert that any farmer or any organization which want to use the word organic for their product in reference to business and the product sold must have organic certificate. The USDA further provides seals for product which are proven to have at least 95% of organic ingredients. Therefore in legal definition, we will be talking of organic standards which are rules and regulations which define how any product considered organic should be meet. Organic standards are therefore procedures which sets the minimum amount of components that are expected in an organic product. They are meant to ensure consumer that what they are buying is really organic. (National Organic Program, 2008) Conclusion In the modern consumer market, everything is turning organic. Consumers have become more aware of the health effect of what they consumer and therefore manufactures have gone to producing organic items. However the term organic remain controversial. The scientific definition defines organic as anything that has a carbon base and therefore it is anything that is grown naturally without application of micronutrient or pesticides. Legal definition defines the accepted standards that a product must meet in order to be considered really organic. Work Cited Consumer Union, (1998): The truth about organic foods. Consumer Reports, Vol. 63(1) National Organic Program, (2008): Program overview. United States Department of Agriculture Marketing Services, 2008 Plant Helth Care Inc. (2003): Organic and Natural: What do they mean? Technical Bulletin, February 2003 Stokstad, E. (2002): Organic farms have many benefits. Science, Vol. 296 USDA, (2008): Frequently asked question about the word organic. USDA Organic Terresentials, 2008

The Crucible and McCarthyism essays

The Crucible and McCarthyism essays In the late 1600s, a tragedy fed by lies and personal grudges swept the town of Salem, Massachusetts. This tragedy was called the Salem Witchcraft Trials, where 20 innocent people were put to death based solely on the accusations of others. These others were also just girls who tried to save themselves by blaming others. After the injustice had been done, another witch hunt wouldnt occur until about 250 years later. However, these new witch hunts werent for witches at all, but for the modern-day threat of communists in our government. Just like the old witch-hunts in Salem, the hunt for communists in the government resulted in many innocent people being wrongly accused and arrested. Though these events are separated by 260 years, the accusations and trials that followed are very similar. In The Crucible, the accusations were made based on feelings of greed, vengeance, jealousy, and fear. In addition, most of the people accused were people who were different from the group, or who looked different in some way. Also, if anyone dared to speak out against these charges, they were likely to be accused of witchcraft themselves. In the McCarthy-era, The kind of people targeted were likely to be left-inclined men and women of the 1930s who had witnessed the Great Crash, depression and chronic unemployment, the cruelty of unfettered capitalism and the rise of Nazism, especially threatening to Jews like Miller. In both time periods, many were wrongfully accused and had their lives ruined. The accused people in Salem had done nothing wrong, yet they were jailed and further punished if they did not confess to committing witchcraft. However, even if the accused did confess and were freed, they were still disgracefully looked upon and shunned by the rest of t he town. In the 1950s, many people lost their jobs and couldnt get jobs if they had been on the blacklist, ...

The Memory s Biology

The Memory s Biology Abstract Memory is a term used in cognitive psychology to describe the process by which information is coded, stored and retrieved. Encoding involves the conversion of sensory stimuli into forms that can be stored. Storage is the process of forming long term mental records of the information.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on The Memorys Biology specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Retrieval is the process of extracting information from memory. Memory can be classified into sensory memory, short term memory, and long term memory. Memory can be enhanced using techniques such as rehearsal, paying attention, use of mnemonics, and active participation. Active participation is thought to be better than rehearsal. Memory can be tested using techniques such as operant conditioning, recognition, free recall, and detection paradigm. Memory Memory is a mental function that enables humans to keep information for later use. I t can also be described as a term used in cognitive psychology to describe how people encode, store and retrieve information about the environment (Gazzaniga, Ivry, Mangun, 1998). This essay will begin with a discussion about memory processes. This will be followed by a section on classification of memory into sensory, short term, and long term memory. The various types of memory will be discussed in detail. Methods of studying memory will also be examined in this paper. Finally, it will end in a section on personal reflection. The stages of memory formation include encoding, storage, and retrieval. Information passes the three stages sequentially. Encoding generates information that can stored. Stimuli reaching the brain are received and processed into forms that can be used to represent the stimuli. Encoding generates verbal, acoustic, and image codes. These codes provide avenues by which information can be retrieved. Therefore, it can be said that retrieval relies on encoding. I nterpretation of the codes is a function of memory. Storage Storage can be described as creation of a long term record in the brain. Storage is a complex stage of memory formation that involves other subs of sensory memory include iconic memory and echoic memory. Iconic memory carries visual information and lasts for almost 25 seconds. It is a temporary storage for visual information. Echoic memory is a temporary storage for information coming from the ears. Echoic memory lasts for several seconds. Haptic memory is creates a temporary record of tactile information. Information coming from the sensory system is rich in content. However, human beings cannot convert all the information into memory forms. Short term memory Short term memory also known as working memory is a form of memory that lasts for several seconds to a minute. Rehearsal can improve short term memory. Short term memory can store a limited amount of information at a time. It can store up to five distinct items at any given time (Cowan, 2001). However, it has been found out that grouping items like numbers can improve short term memory. Short term memory enables the manipulation of information when attending to activities like decision making and problem solving. It is the form of memory that is constantly in use and allows an individual to interact effectively with the environment. Short term memory may rely on acoustic codes. However, this is not true for all types of information. Long term memory Long term memory is a relatively long term form of memory where vast amounts of information are stored. Its capacity is thought to be limitless. Long term memory enables us to recall events that took place several years back. Long term memory is our main repository of information. It shapes our understanding of the environment. Types of repositories in the long term memory include declarative, procedural, and flash back memories. Declarative memory also known as explicit memory is a form of long term memory that requires the conscious recall of information that can be verbalized. For example, describing the process of neurotransmission to students. Declarative memory is further classified into episodic memory and semantic memory. Episodic memory involves storage of information regarding events that were personally experienced. It enables an individual to recall events that happened at a certain time in the past. It is a form of memory that stores personal experiences. Semantic memory is personalized. It stores general, factual, and abstract information. Information about ones area of expertise, academic knowledge, knowledge of places, knowledge of people, and knowledge about meaning of words is stored in semantic memory. Learning relies on semantic memory.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on The Memorys Biology specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Procedural memory is memory that stores psychomotor skills. Inf ormation needed to execute certain skills like driving and playing a musical instrument are stored in procedural memory. It stores knowledge that cannot be verbalized but is important in the performance of some activities. It has been described as memory that stores information about how to do things. Flash back memory stores information that is associated with emotional moments. Events that are linked to certain emotions can be recalled quickly and more accurately. For example, asking people where they were when a close family member passed away. Flash back memory is concerned with storage of unusual events. It tends to be personal in nature. Retrieval Retrieval is the process of accessing and taking information out of storage. Typically, information is pulled out of storage when it is needed. Retrieval can be complicated by factors like lack of concentration and interference. Retrieval is associated with certain recall states like tip of the tongue, and serial position effect. Tip of the tongue refers to a state in which one cannot recall all the information. In such a case an individual is able to only retrieve or recall some characteristics of the information. Serial position effect refers to a situation in which an individual can recall either the first few items (primary effect) or the last items of a list (recency effect). Recall can be prompted using either specific or general retrieval cues. Memory problems Forgetting is described as difficulty in retrieving information. Inability to recall information has been linked to some factors like decay, interference, lack of cues, and presence of disorders like amnesia. Decay refers to inability to recall due to disappearance of information over time. This happens when information is not frequently rehearsed or used. Information that is not needed can interfere with retrieval of information (Ellenbogen et al, 2006). This can occur when retrieval cues are no longer specific. Factors facilitating memory Rehears al: repeating and reciting information enhances the number of meaningful associations that can be formed. Memory improves with the number of rehearsals. Self-questioning strategies can be used to enhance this technique. Self-questioning strategies increase the number of associations that can be formed by learners. Organization: information can be arranged in a particular way to enhance memory. Chunking is one of the strategies used to organize information. Meaningfulness: this strategy encourages students to personalize information by giving personal meaning to it. This strategy is superior to reciting and rehearsing. It is easy to recall information that has meaning. This strategy enables a learner to relate what is being learned with real life situations thus forming long term memory.Advertising Looking for research paper on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Mnemonic devices: these memory aids include loci, acronyms, and key words. Loci method involves positioning of items to be remembered in specific areas of the house. An individual will use a mental map to locate the items in the house thus aiding memory. Activity: this strategy is used to enhance memory by encouraging students to actively participate in their learning. Attention/concentration: attention and elimination of distractions enhances learning and the formation of memory. Methods used to study memory Techniques used to study memory differ for infants and adults. The methods used to study infants are unique because infants cannot report on what they have learned. Methods used to study infants’ recognition memory are: operant conditioning and visual paired comparison procedure. The methods used to study infants’ recall memory are: deferred imitation technique and elicited imitation technique (Barr, Dowden, Hayne, 1996). Methods used to study adults: paired asso ciate learning, recognition, free recall, and detection paradigm. Paired associate learning is a technique that involves learning to associate one item with another. Free recall involves asking subjects to learn some words. The subjects are then asked to recall the items. Detection paradigm tests the ability to remember visual information. This paper discussed memory in detail. Memory is a term used in cognitive psychology to describe the process by which information is coded, stored and retrieved. Encoding involves the conversion of sensory stimuli into forms that can be stored. Storage is the process of forming long term mental records of the information. Retrieval is the process of extracting information from memory. Memory can be classified into sensory memory, short term memory, and long term memory. Long term memory is the storehouse of knowledge about our surroundings. Memory can be enhanced using techniques such as rehearsal, paying attention, use of mnemonics, and active pa rticipation. Active participation is thought to be better than rehearsal. Memory can be tested using various techniques. The techniques used to test infants are different from those used to test older children and adults. This is due to the fact that infants cannot verbalize what they have learned. In infants, recognition memory and recall memory are tested separately. Therefore, it is difficult to study children. References Barr, R., Dowden, A., Hayne, H. (1996). Developmental changes in deferred imitation by 6- to 24-month-old infants. Infant Behavior and Development, 19, 159–170. Cowan, N. (2001). The magical number 4 in short-term memory: a reconsideration of mental storage capacity. Behav Brain Sci, 24(1), 87–114. Ellenbogen et al. (2006). Interfering with theories of sleep and memory: sleep, declarative memory, and associative interference. Curr. Biol., 16 (13), 1290–4. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2006.05.024 Gazzaniga, M., Ivry, R., Mangun, G. (1998). Cognitive n euroscience: The  biology of the mind. London: Norton.

Summary Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 2

Summary - Essay Example In the United States of America, the most popular professional body with members who are interested in retail security is the â€Å"Association of Convenience and Petroleum Retailing† (NACS). This body offers a platform for employers, employees, and other interested parties to ensure the security of their work environment through intensive knowledge on security, which they are offered. Business owners and employees have a variety of security measures to choose from. However, in the United States, NACS recommends investment in security measures, which are most likely to alleviate crime and insecurity in the business premises. The main control methods recommended include cash control, visibility in stores, the correct positioning of cash registers in stores, training of employees, especially on how to deter robbery, balanced lighting in stores, alarms, electronic video surveillance, and minimal escape routes. These are some of the ways to ensure security in business. The author addresses business security of a variety of premises, including both public and private facilities. Shopping centers and malls in the United States are prone to robbery and other criminal activity, as many people tend to loiter there. The major security measures employed include contract guards, public police, as well as electronic surveillance and alarms. Of importance in the malls are the codes of conduct, which shoppers have to adhere to, as these help maintain order and increase the malls’ security. Banks are a target of robbers, therefore, needs tight security. These mainly employ security measures, which ensure risk assessment and analysis of robbery, and cash control methods. Training of bank employees is also essential, as well as other electronic and digital surveillance methods. In addition, electronic devices, which can detect metal and explosives, are highly used in banks for security measure. Private and public utility facilities present major security concerns, which include sabotage, terrorism activities, theft, and damage of private and public property, among others. Apart from the clients, these utility facilities, which include telephone, gas, water, oil, electricity, and nuclear pose a security threat to the employees. In such industries therefore, employee training is the most recommended security method. Different bodies in the United States, including the International Association of Healthcare Security and Safety (IAHSS), among others, offer employee training for such industries. Entertainment spots including casinos, amusement parks, beaches, and movie theatres, also need strict security measures, as these are prone to rowdy revelers. This case applies to sports facilities, which also pose a threat to security through the rowdy fans. In the United States today, professionals are looking for better ways of preventing violent and patron behaviors in the sports and entertainment avenues. Most of such areas in the United States emplo y public police and security guards to ensure security. This chapter therefore, addresses security concerns of both private and public spaces and the need of better security measures in future. Chapter 7 In chapter 7, Dempsey primarily discusses the retail shrinkage problem. It is argued that retail shrinkage problem is one of the serious issues affecting modern businesses despite the fact that technology has changed the way business are conducted. According to the author, retail shrinkage accounts for

Strategy planning Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5250 words

Strategy planning - Essay Example McDonald’s deals with a wide range of products like hamburgers as well as French Fries, chicken sandwiches along with soft drinks, desserts and other various sorts of breakfast items (Gilbert, 2008). In order to determine the significance of various external factors that impact on the way McDonald’s conducts its business, it can be viewed that proper analysis of the external factors made the company to raise its business reputation and also to accomplish superior competitive position by a greater level. In order to analyse the external environment of McDonald’s, certain appropriate tools have been taken into concern like SWOT and STEEP which are described below. STEEP Analysis Socio-cultural Factors: McDonald’s establishes and follows an effective system in order to assess the requirements of the business markets where it operates. It stresses mainly on the strategy of individuality of the customers in relation to product behaviour and decisions on purchas es (Ivanova, 2011). Technological Factors: McDonald’s deals with broad assortment of fast food related products which generates a greater demand of these products by adopting along with executing pioneering technological procedures concerning its inventory system and supply chain among others (Ivanova, 2011). Environmental Factors: Relating to environmental factor, McDonald’s largely focuses upon effectively performing different sorts of corporate social accountabilities in terms of utilising bio-degradable substances in its broad array of products (Ivanova, 2011). Economic Factors: McDonald’s has a propensity to practice a great deal of difficulty in certain cases where there exists the significant concern of inflation and fluctuation in exchange rates. Specially mentioning, the variations in the exchange rates play a decisive part in the overall operations of the company (Ivanova, 2011). Political Factors: McDonald’s follows a unique set of instructions and policies for performing different operational functions effectively. It mainly concentrates on several sets of anxieties such as areas of health, environment and protection of the workers as well. These elements can be noticed in the state control of licensing of the restaurants in different regions where the company operates (Ivanova, 2011). SWOT Analysis Strengths: McDonald’s has a very strong and reputed brand name across the globe. It bears a strong partnership with other different companies which eventually results in increase of its goodwill in the market. The company is said to be the first fast-food restaurant which offered its customers with nutritional facts and as a consequence the loyal employees, customers and management form to be its biggest strengths (Scribd Inc., 2013). Weakness: McDonald’s has a pessimistic reputation concerning turnover rate of its employees. Relating to weakness, it generally faces quality issues at times and it also receives c riticisms particularly from health conscious people (Scribd Inc., 2013). Opportunities: McDonald’s should provide online services for its clients so that they can order sitting at home which in

Clotel Analysis Essay Example for Free

Clotel Analysis Essay Clotel is an interesting piece of literary work by William Brown, as it exposes the depraved social conditions of Chattel Slavery and its effect on Marriage relations between slave and slave owner. Interestingly, I recognized the stereotypes that can develop from conditions of race and class in our society. More importantly, we see how race and class present higher priviledges to mulatto slaves (quadroons), than what William coins as the real negro. Undeniably, there is a stereotypical belief in todays society that light skin or fairer skin people have an esteemed privilege than that of dark skin people. Although fictional characters, Currer, Clotel, and Althesa are real-life representations of that belief because they were mulattos. One may imply that it is quite stereotypical to say that light skin people have a higher privilege that is not necessarily given to dark skin people, although many believe it to be true as a result of the conditions faced by non-mulatto slaves. However, others may not agree. Currer and her two daughters Clotel and Althesa are all protagonists in this literary work. Currer, a bright mulatto was a housekeeper for slaveholder Thomas Jefferson, upon which she beared Clotel and Althesa. Currer being of the higher class of slaves was permitted to hire her time for more than 20 years. Surely Currer wanted nothing more than to raise her daughters to attract attention in efforts that they might marry into their freedom. Compared to ordinary slaves, Currer and her daughters had once lived in luxury due to privileged conditions of being a mulatto slave. Nevertheless, they were still slaves, and often reminded that they were no different than ordinary slaves. For example, Clotel was only 16 when she was purchased by Horatio Green, son of a wealthy gentleman of Richmond whom promised to make her mistress of her own dwelling. She lived in luxury for a while, and even beared a child named Mary with Horatio. The time came that Horatio began to be involved with politics, and his success with politics being of greater importance proved his union with Clotel would soon end. Horatio took interest in the daughter of a wealthy man with whom he found a connect to success in politics. Horatio later married her, leaving Clotel to be sold to a slaveholder at the demand of his mistress. It is here that we discover that even the mulatto woman is not as esteemed with privilege as she was once perceived to possess. She is still a slave , born of that blood. She may have lived in luxury for a while, but it was very predictable that she would be sold again to the highest bidder, and for the latter purpose. What is so significant about not only Clotels character, but also for her mothers and sisters character is that they are symbolic of how mulatto slaves were used as an even bigger commodity during slavery. They were put on a pedestal to feel as though they had more privilege, only to discover that they really did not. Even more importantly, mulatto slaves knew the significance of having been mixed-bred, and how it could be used in attempt to free themselves, just as Currer had planned for her daughters from the very beginning. Mostly, the mulattos or quadroons were the house slaves, and occupied the best situation a slave could occupy. Most of the mistresses of the slave owners in the South sought to make the lives of quadroons intolerable, because they viewed them as rivals. For this reason, Mrs. Green had demanded that Clotel be sold out of the state. How soundly ironic that mulattos could be stuck at the center of the depraved social condition of marriage relations between slave and slave owner? And being of the higher class of slaves still be subject to the will of his master. Were they really of a higher class, or were they no better than an ordinary slave whom labored outside the masters house? Some people have their own prejudices toward blacks in general even in todays society. It is safe to say that some whites even still view blacks as slaves. No matter how fair or light the shade of their skin is, it still does not dismiss the fact that they are born of African descent. As William stated in his work, there was a depraved social condition that placed the slave under total control of his master from the very beginning no matter how light or fair their skin was. Therefore, the stereotypical belief that mulattos or light-skin people have an esteemed privilege over dark-skinned people is without a doubt, debateable.

Fast Food Companies Are NOT Responsible For Obesity Essay -- Argumentat

Today, many people eat fast food instead of home made food. The reason is that fast food is fast, cheap and convenient. However, at the same time, fast food is contributing to a big social problem in the U.S., which is obesity, and recently some people are beginning to sue the fast food companies for causing their obesity. Should the fast food companies have responsibility for American's obesity? My answer for this argument is "No". I think that whether people eat fast food or not is an individual choice. There are many people who eat fast food, but aren't obese. They may do some exercises for burning calories, or try not to eat fast food as much as they can, caring for their health. Moreover, some fast food companies serve relatively healthy foods, such as Baja Fresh, Subway and so on. Even though people don't have enough money or time to eat except for fast food, they can choose those fast food shops. Therefore, the responsibility of obesity should be taken by obese people, though fast food companies should also take actions to decrease the number of these people by showing their food's calories, serving healthy food, and giving more choices. As I said before, in the U.S. some people are filing suits against fast food companies for causing their obesity and related sickness. It is clear that fast food is not so good for our health. Fast food contains lots of sodium, fat and cholesterol, and these ingredients make us overweight. Therefore, some people think that the ...

Problems American Society facing In Today World Essay

Introduction: In today society there are many reason we can point out and say, this is the problem that society is like it is today, but the truth is we needs facts, not opinion. There are statistic on why families were like they were in 1960 and what changes have come about in today time. There will be changes in families till the day we die, changes comes about every second of everyone life. Identify Important or significant changes in families since 1960? What factors are responsible for this change? Male dominance has played a major role as of domestic around the world. We have in many cultures reversal gender roles in regards to household chores. Household chores were a job just for the woman not the man, but In today society we have, men now staying home, either because they are laid off or have not been successful in finding employment, they are taking care of the kids, doing the cooking, household chores. More women are financially independent now, because some men feel more superior then women, and having a wife who is the bread winner gives some men an inferior complex. With all these emotion up in the air, soon comes abuse (for some), agreement to file for divorce, come into play. Today statistic states that divorce in United States is the highest industrial in the nation. Divorces sometimes cause children to react to that divorce thinking that it is their fault, so they go out do drugs to take the pain way, some really goes into a psychotic breakdown, you have some that just become trouble kids or when they get older learn from what they seen their parents do and go through the same things because of what they had seen when they were young. On the balance, are families becoming weaker or simply different in society? What evidence can you cite? Today’s numbers have shown us that our families have become weaker, in our American society. There are a couple of ways one  could make a proposal on how to strengthening the family, one could start by going into a marriage with love and true understanding, through thick and thin. Also try to be on the same page as to when you are prepared to have a child and make sure that you are financially ready, Now men and women needs to learn how to belong to each other, so that they can not only beget but also raise the next generation together. If families were to make sacrifices to preserve family well-being, then their children would go on to establish harmonious families of their own. Lastly, they say a family that prays together will stay together. Conclusion: If parents don’t step up and raise their children together as a family, this new generation will be a disaster waiting to happen. Let’s stick to the vows that one takes when people goes down the aisles to be reunited Reference: Ken Fuchsman†The Family Romance Transformed American Domestic Arrangements, since 1960, Clio’s Psyche: Understanding the â€Å"why of culture, current events, history and society.Vol.17, no.4 March 2011 www.wnd.com/2010/12/243621 www.gwu.edu/~ccps/pop_rel.html

Mothers Without Men, Donor Insemination

I think it's very wrong and exposing that the child doesn't has the opportunity at all to get the child-father relationship which Is very important In life. Caroline Webb actually makes the decision on purpose that the child will have a missing whole in the childhood and trough the raising. That is disturbing. It concludes that she values her needs and ego higher than the baby. Besides, when parents choose to leave their family, it's often not a quite easy situation concerning economics, surplus, safety and mental/social balance.Although it's common It's tough and not very healthy to the family. A single parent could easy suffer under some of the same conditions for example economical problems, while there normally only is one income. I could imagine it also would be ruff to raise a child all by yourself, without a partner to guide or help you. On the other side the parent/Caroline Webb wants the baby really bad, compared to some relationship where the baby happens to be an ;accident . † I could therefore imagine the mother would be more carrying and supportive to the baby, simply because the child is more wanted.Of course It's also Important that the potential parent has the financial and psychic qualities that require raising a child, which Caroline claims to has when her position is Hospital Chef. Caroline Webb also sticks to the fact that â€Å"there'd be no upset in the home and my child would benefit from my happiness. † She's saying that about the comparing to runaway parents. She hasn't thought the situation trough at all. She doesn't mention all the problems and questions the child will be filled up with trough solicitation, when she's minor and through the teenage. The child will soon figure out that everybody except her have two parents.That issue could fast develop to a major problem and maybe hating to Caroline from her daughter. Maybe her happiness and love can't solve all problems although she really wants it to. In the end it's all a bout ethics and morale. It's very different what individuals attitude to this problem are, depending on what kind of personality and opinions you have. Mothers Without Men, Donor Insemination By rollback Men†Amanda Riley-Jones I don't think that donor insemination should be available as soonest has the opportunity at all to get the child-father relationship which is very important in life.Caroline Webb actually makes the decision on purpose that the it's common it's tough and not very healthy to the family. A single parent could easy some relationship where the baby happens to be an â€Å"accident. † I could therefore because the child is more wanted. Of course it's also important that the potential thought the situation trough at all. She doesn't mention all the problems and through the teenage. The child will soon figure out that everybody except her have

10 Fascinating Facts About Grasshoppers

10 Fascinating Facts About Grasshoppers Famed fable writer Aesop portrayed the grasshopper as a neer do well who fiddled away his summer days without a thought to the future but in the real world, the destruction wreaked by grasshoppers on farming and ranching is far from a harmless parable. Although grasshoppers are extremely common, theres more to these summertime critters than meets the eye. Heres a list of 10 fascinating grasshopper-related facts. 1. Grasshoppers and Locusts Are One and the Same When we think of grasshoppers, most people recall pleasant childhood memories of trying to catch the jumping insects in meadows or backyards. Say the word locusts, however, and it brings to mind images of historic plagues raining down destruction on crops and devouring every plant in sight. Truth be told, grasshoppers and locusts are members of the same insect order. While certain species are commonly referred to grasshoppers and others as locusts, both creatures are short-horned members of the order Orthoptera. Jumping herbivores with shorter antennae are grouped into the suborder Caelifera, while their longer-horned brethren (crickets and katydids) belong to the suborder Ensifera. 2. Grasshoppers Have Ears on Their Bellies The grasshoppers auditory organs are found not on the head, but rather, on the abdomen. A pair of membranes that vibrate in response to sound waves are located one on either side of the first abdominal segment, tucked under the wings. This simple eardrum, called a tympanal organ, allows the grasshopper to hear the songs of its fellow grasshoppers. 3. Although Grasshoppers Can Hear, They Cant Distinguish Pitch  Very Well As with most insects, the grasshoppers auditory organs are simple structures. They can detect differences in intensity and rhythm, but not pitch. The male grasshoppers song isnt particularly melodic which is a good thing since females dont care whether or not a fellow can carry a tune. Each species of grasshopper produces a characteristic rhythm that distinguishes its song from others and enables courting males and females of a given species to find one another. 4. Grasshoppers Make Music by Stridulating or Crepitating If youre not familiar with those terms, dont worry. Its not all that complicated. Most grasshoppers stridulate, which simply means that they rub their hind legs against their forewings to produce their trademark tunes. Special pegs on the inside of the hind leg act like a percussion instrument of sorts when they come in contact with the thickened edge of the wing. The band-winged grasshoppers crepitate or loudly snap their wings as they fly. 5. Grasshoppers Catapult Themselves Into the Air If youve ever tried to catch a grasshopper, you know how far they can jump to flee danger. If humans could jump the way grasshoppers do, we would be able to easily leap the length of a football field. How do these insects jump so far? Its all in those big, back legs. A grasshoppers hind legs function like miniature catapults. In preparation for a jump, the grasshopper contracts its large flexor muscles slowly, bending its hind legs at the knee joint. A special piece of cuticle within the knee acts as a spring, storing up all the potential energy. The grasshopper then relaxes its leg muscles, allowing the spring to release its energy and fling the insect into the air. 6. Grasshoppers Can Fly Because grasshoppers have such powerful jumping legs, people sometimes dont realize that they also have wings. Grasshoppers use their jumping ability to give them a boost into the air but most are pretty strong fliers and make good use of their wings to escape predators. 7. Grasshoppers Cause Billions of Dollars in Damage to Food Crops Annually One lone grasshopper cant do too much harm, although it eats about half its body weight in plants each day- but when locusts swarm, their combined feeding habits can completely defoliate a landscape, leaving farmers without crops and people without food. In the U.S. alone, grasshoppers cause about $1.5 billion in damage to grazing lands each year. In 1954, a swarm of Desert locusts (Schistocerca gregaria) consumed over 75 square miles of wild and cultivated plants in Kenya. 8. Grasshoppers Are an Important Source of Protein People have been consuming locusts and grasshoppers for centuries. According to the Bible, John the Baptist ate locusts and honey in the wilderness. Locusts and grasshoppers are a regular dietary component in local diets in many areas of Africa, Asia, and the Americas- and since theyre packed with protein, theyre an important nutritional staple as well. 9. Grasshoppers Existed Long Before Dinosaurs Modern-day grasshoppers descend from ancient ancestors that lived long before dinosaurs roamed the Earth. The fossil record shows that primitive grasshoppers first appeared during the Carboniferous period, more than 300 million years ago. Most ancient grasshoppers are preserved as fossils, although grasshopper nymphs (the second stage in the grasshopper lifestyle after the initial egg phase) are occasionally found in amber. 10. Grasshoppers  May Spit Liquid to Defend Themselves If youve ever handled grasshoppers, youve probably had a few of them spit brown liquid on you in protest. Scientists believe this behavior is a means of self-defense, and the liquid helps the insects repel predators. Some people say grasshoppers spit tobacco juice, probably because historically, grasshoppers have been associated with tobacco crops. Rest assured, however, the grasshoppers arent using you as a spittoon.

Business Gravitas and Language

Business Gravitas and Language Business Gravitas and Language Business Gravitas and Language By Maeve Maddox Tech columnist Rob Walker questions whether anyone still has gravitas in the Internet Era. gravitas (noun): high seriousness, as in a person’s bearing or the treatment of a subject; seriousness of conduct, bearing, speech, temperament, etc. According to Walker, â€Å"if you want to be taken seriously in our post-gravitas culture, you must demonstrate that you do not take yourself too seriously.† Walker makes his case for the disdain of gravitas in the entertainment media (and that includes much of what is called â€Å"news coverage†), but the pride in ignorance and love of vulgarity that dominates the popular media does not seem to apply in corporate America. The Web teems with consultants and business coaches who list gravitas as a characteristic of â€Å"executive presence,† an elusive quality that leads to promotion and is required in positions of leadership. According to an article at Forbes, the gravitas associated with executive presence comprises â€Å"confidence, poise under pressure and decisiveness.† Closely associated with this quality are speaking and writing skills. Executives who possess gravitas: do not sprinkle their speech with vulgarities. do not mumble, but enunciate their words and pronounce them conventionally. do not let their voices rise at the end of sentences that are not questions. On the other hand, they do: avoid nonstandard usage that would make them sound uneducated. speak in a pleasant rhythm and modulate their voices to avoid shrillness or nasality. express themselves coherently and grammatically, even in email. Kyle Wiens, CEO of iFixit, and founder of Dozuki, believes that carelessness with language is symptomatic of carelessness in other areas: Grammar signifies more than just a person’s ability to remember high school English. I’ve found that people who make fewer mistakes on a grammar test also make fewer mistakes when they are doing something completely unrelated to writing - like stocking shelves or labeling parts. His policy of refusing to hire anyone who cannot pass a grammar test has stirred heated controversy. His critics feel that mastery of one’s native language should apply only to employees involved directly with written communication. For example, contrary to Wiens, writer John McWhorter would require the ability to tell the difference between â€Å"your† and â€Å"you’re† only of those whose jobs require â€Å"taking dictation, writing technical directions and blog entries, teaching school, etc.† McWhorter even suggests that people who don’t demonstrate mastery of standard usage are not necessarily lazy, but are â€Å"more likely† victims of ineffective public education. Whatever the cause, a large segment of the American workforce lacks basic writing skills. A survey of 120 American corporations conducted by the National Commission on Writing, a panel established by the College Board, concluded that a third of employees in these companies wrote poorly enough to require in-house remediation costing as much as $3.1 billion annually. The tragedy of all this waste is that CEOs are not looking for people who can write like prize-winning novelists. All they want are people who can speak and write clearly enough to get their point across in a standard form of basic English skills that can be mastered by eighth-graders. TV shows and car ads may get laughs by poking fun at gravitas, but speakers who want to get ahead in the business world will master a form of standard English and know when to use it. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Business Writing category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Possessive of Proper Names Ending in SDoes "Mr" Take a Period?10 Writing Exercises to Tighten Your Writing

Administrative law in Britain Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Administrative law in Britain - Essay Example British Administrative Law is a part of British public law. It involves law pertaining to the control and authority of British departmental agencies or those agencies that are given constitutional power by the administration (Leyland and Anthony, 2008, 45) There is great popularity of such law reforms in most of the countries, however, they have been extensively criticised too. Main constituents of British Administrative Law are Ombudsmen, Tribunals, Judicial review and Freedom of Information. Ombudsman According to the Administrative law post of Ombudsman is connected to the Parliament of Westminster and some other posts at the Parliament of Scotland, some of the government institutions and Welsh Assembly. The main responsibility of Ombudsman is to inspect problems of malpractices of administration. Tribunals This constituent of British Administrative Law includes numbers of local public bodies, which are also called non-departmental public bodies (NDPBs). Judicial review This conte nt of British administrative law includes supervision of implementation of general public power by the Administrative Courts. If someone feels that an act of a government body, for instance his/ her local council or a constitutional court, is against the law, or it has dishonoured his/her civil rights, they may register a complaint at the Administrative Court (which is a branch of High Court) for legal reassessment of the decision and get their problem solved or perhaps take compensation. (Leyland and Anthony, 2008, 35) ... Nevertheless, the basic aim and objective of both these Acts is well indistinguishable – same sort of public bodies that are included in Britain, Northern Ireland and Wales are also included in Scotland Act. . (Leyland and Anthony, 2008, 42) Moreover, its basic terms and conditions are very closed to each other, despite the fact that the Freedom of Information Act of Scotland is a little stronger than English Act in support of disclosing information. But Freedom of Information Act 2000 is not applicable for public bodies in the foreign territories. (Barnett, 2004, 221) The former Prime Minister Tony Blair who actually brought main idea of the Freedom of Information Act, showed his disappointed from the Act afterwards. According to him, this Act obstructs the capacity of government officials to act under a sensible level of privacy. Implementation of the Administrative Law is seen as a major constitutional change that has been implemented in the course of past few years. Number s of changes have also taken place within British House of Commons too, like pre-legislative trials are now given much more importance, select committees have been made much stronger, change in work hours etc. This is not possible to do justice to all the reforms, however this is a major thing that it is an obligation for the British Prime Minister to present himself at the Liaison Select Committee of the House two times in every year to be questioned about any subject whatsoever. Critics have shown their reservations on the commitment to this sort of well-planned constitutional programme. UK Administrative and Constitutional Law have remarkably changed since year 1997. (Barnett, 2004, 225) There are several public bodies too, whose resolutions can also be

Compare and contrast the fixed and flexible budgets Assignment

Compare and contrast the fixed and flexible budgets - Assignment Example However, in unstable business scenario, flexible budget is always more relevant as it helps the business to effectively manage possible changes in the business environment, which would be hazardous if not well managed. Therefore, budget managers are usually faced with the task of adopting the right type of budget for their organisations depending on business situation. This paper explores fixed and flexible budgets, their differences, preparation procedures and functions. A fixed budget (static budget), is a type of budget that remains unchanged over the budget period regardless of changes in the level of activity of the organisation. A fixed budget is â€Å"prepared of for one level of activity for a definite time period† (Dutta 2004 p. 25). On the contrary, a flexible budget is a budget which is designed to change with changes in activity level. It is also referred to as variable budget because it takes into account cost behaviour, such as fixed and variable costs, in connection with changes in output level or turnover (Weygandt, Kieso & Kimmel 2010). A fixed budget remains constant relative to the variation in the actual level of activity attained. This makes it inflexible. On the other hand, a flexible budget changes with the variation in the level of actual activity, which makes it flexible (Tulsian & Tulsian 2005). A fixed budget is developed based on one level of activity and relies on the assumption that no change will occur in the prevailing circumstances, which is impractical. On the other hand, a flexible budget is based on various levels of activity (Weygandt, Kieso & Kimmel 2010). In a fixed budget, all costs are related to a single level of activity. As such, variance analysis fails to provide valuable information about cost differences. On contrary, flexible budget analyses each cost on the ground of cost behaviour and thus gives important information about cost variances (Tulsian & Tulsian 2005). Under fixed budgets, the comparison of

Extra Credit Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 2

Extra Credit - Essay Example On researching the ecological and agricultural characteristics in the Denver area it is found that the peculiar climatic condition experiencing there is between desert climate and humid climate. Hence the climatic condition prevailing there is considered as mild evapotranspiration climate. Since this city is at high altitude this peculiar climatic condition provide the quality of the Mediterranean weather such as dry summer and wetter winter. It is considered that the city has 79 official neighborhoods. Hence the residents of this metropolitan area are mainly the neighborhood communities. The features of these neighborhoods vary each other and they include large skyscrapers, twentieth century houses and modern styled twenty first century buildings. The neighborhoods which are closer to the Denver city comprises of denser buildings which are old styled. The developments of the neighborhoods which are not closer to the concerned city had taken place immediately after Second World War. The buildings at these areas were constructed with modern materials and hence they appeared in high style. Still farther neighborhoods were with suburban characteristics and the people in that area could be recognized by means of their features. Majority of the neighborhoods have parks and other modern facilities and these are considered as the key peculiarities of these neighborhoods. The important neighborhoods of Denver city are Lower Down Town, Union Station Neighborhood, Washington Park, Capitol Hill, Highland Cherry etc. All these neighborhoods have very important roles in the metropolitan developments of the Denver city. Parks are the main peculiarities of the Denver city. As per the survey conducted in 2006 this metropolitan city has more than 200 parks in its credit which vary from mini parks to giant ones. All these parks are with beautiful landscape architects. Since the Denver city is situated at high altitude these are no scarcity for mountain

The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn Essay Example for Free

The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn Essay The Setting of The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn by Mark Twain is set in the time before the civil war. This setting of is when racism and civil rights were still around. It was around the late 1800s. The state of which story takes place in is Missouri. The town that Huck Finn starts off at is called St. Petersburg which goes along the Mississippi river. Later on Huckleberry Finn goes off to an island that he is familiar to called Jason Island after he faked is death. This is when and where the story of Huckleberry Finn took place. The story Finn a Novel Matthew Olshan took place in a more modern time in Missouri. Even know it was set in a more modern time there was still racism around. Later on they end up going to California. This was the setting of both of these stories. The Plot of The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn by Mark Twain and Finn a Novel by Matthew Olshan are very similar to each other. In The Adventure of Huckleberry Finn the main character Huck Finn is trying to find a way to freedom from his irresponsible drunken father Pap. In the novel Finn a Novel Chloe is trying to find a way to freedom from her crazy mother. Huck Finn and Chloe were both kidnapped by their parents. The slave of Widow Douglas, Jim, ran away from her and Huck Finn ran into Jim on Jason Island (which is where Huck Finn ran away to after he faked his death). They both run away together to find freedom. In Finn a Novel Finn faked her own death and ran away with her grandparent’s maid Silvia to California to be free of discrimination and racism. Both stories run through some situations and get split apart, but they make it through them. That is how both of the stories plots were similar to each other. The themes of both of these stories are pretty much the same. In The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn the theme is natural life. It was not right in society that slave should be around. Huck Finn helped Jim to get to freedom after they ran away from civilization and society. When they were out of civilization the rules did not apply and made life easier for them. The theme of Finn a Novel was the same. When Silvia was working just to stay in the US without a pay was not alright. There was racism all around Silvia that was trying to deport her back to Mexico. To go to California was going to make her life better for her and her child. Both of these stories show that life can be better away from society. This is how the themes compare to each other.

Recommendation For Recycling Water In Florida Essays -- Recycling Water

Recommendation For Recycling Water in Florida Contents Abstract................................................2 Executive Summary.......................................3 Introduction............................................4 Methods.................................................4 Results.................................................5 Basic background information on water reuse in Florid...5 Reclaiming Waste Water in Florida Uses for reclaimed or reused water......................7 Conclusions.............................................7 Recommendations.........................................7 References..............................................7 Abstract "Recommendation for Recycling Water in a Florida Pilot Plant" The water shortage problem has affected all of us in one way or another. Either through the mandatory restrictions or the increased price of water, or even the ever increasing occurrence of sinkholes, the evidence of a water shortage is everywhere. Since we need water to survive, and there are no alternatives to support life on this planet, we must find a way to keep up with our ever increasing water demand. This report presents the water shortage problem that is occurring in Florida. This report will familiarize you with the problem and explain the other uses currently being employed in Florida. This report also explains the procedure, as well as a recommendation including the site and costs involved, along with a short background on the proposed procedure. I recommend that the recycled project be funded and allow the pilot plant to meet the ever increasing demand for water in Florida. Executive Summary The water shortage problem effects us all in one way or another. Either through the mandatory restrictions or the increased price of water, or even the ever increasing occurrence of sinkholes, the evidence of a water shortage is everywhere. Since we need water to survive, and there are no alternatives to support life on this planet, we must find a way to keep up with our expanding water demand. I feel that the only viable option is to recycle the water we are using. By recycling the water, we will be able to drop ... ...und choice therefore is to reuse the water readily available to us. We have the technology accessible to use to make this a viable option and I feel we should pursue this option. This would almost completely alleviate any water shortage we have, since all the water we use would be recycled back into drinking water, thus relieving the demand to pump more and more water from an already over used aquifer. Recommendation I recommend that the funds be made available for the pilot plant to be put into effect, and allow us to take the next step in water reuse in Florida. The new plant will drastically reduce the amount of water now being pumped from the ground, thus reduce the sinkholes and alleviate the water shortage problem. I feel the small investment is more than worthwhile and will be recouped in a year's time. I would like to start this project and bring this new technology to light and begin a new generation of water treatment. References Young, Harley and David York (1996, November). "Reclaimed Water Reuse in Florida and the South Gulf Coast." Florida Water Resource Journal, pp. 32-35.

American Home Products Corporation Essay

American Home Product Corporation (AHP), a highly growing American company, has four business lines: prescription drugs, packaged drugs, food products, house wares and household products. Its policies include: -A tight financial control and maintained an aggressive capital structure policy. – Make money for its stockholders and to maximize profits by minimizing cost. – It has been able to finance internally its growth while paying a very high portion of its earning to its shareholders (60%). Currently, AHP seems to have no business risk but may face a certain risk in the long run. Based on the ratios shown on the attached sheet, AHP should not worry about business risk since its working capital is very healthy ($1472.8 million) and cash excess $233 million. The high ROA, high profit margin, low current-to-asset ratio and 49.71 collection days show that AHP can generate cash quickly, thus it can maintain current high growth rate. However, it’s decreasing annual sales growth from 14.1% in 1978 to 8.8% in 1981 (exhibit 1) shows that it faces future risk of losing market shares in all its business lines if it does not foresee competition and continues to focus on increasing stockholders’ value. AHP’s current financial performance is very good since it has high ROE (30.3), high quick ratio (42.68), low debt-to-equity ratio (0.09) and low debt-to-asset ratio (0.01). However, an analysis of different debt ratios shows that if AHP increases debt ratio, it will face a financial risk of increased debt-to-equity and debt-to-asset ratios. In other words, it will face solvency problems in long terms. AHP also face liquidity problems since the quick ratios decrease when the debt ratios increase. 2 The proposed mechanism follows a dual mechanism of leveraging:- (a) Increase the Debt Equity Ratio. (b) Buy back the shares. This also results in the following:- (i) Improves EPS as the amount gets shared by lesser number of shares. (ii)Improves Price / earnings ratio (iii) The excess capital gets utilized. (iv)Sends a +ve signal to the market and share prices likely to increase. (v) Improves Return on Equity ratio. The calculations enclosed indicate that the best option in accordance with the company stated policy would be to have Debt-Equity Ratio of 70%. Shareholders’ value increases when debt ratios increase. EPS increases from $3.18 to $3.49. The dividend payout ratio also increases from 0.597 to 0.602. Similarly, the dividend yield from 0.063 to 0.070. It means that the company can increase shareholders’ value by increasing debt ratios. However the following needs to be considered:- (i) The valued net worth of the firm which decreases may not convey the correct picture to the investor and thus negating the positive signals of buy back of shares. (ii) The firm has no strategy related to R&D in new products and focuses on me-too products thus constituting a large business risk. (iii) The firm would reduce the cash to debt ratio substantially exposing itself to financial risk. The closest competitor has Debt – Equity Ratio of 30% which if taken as a benchmark gives a conservative method of deciding the proposed leveraging, however this does not maximize the shareholder value, but is in line with the strong conservatism philosophy of the firm. It also gives a better Return on Assets ratio and has a safer Debt to Cash ratio. Even though AHP has a very good current financial performance, it should change the financial policy to increase debt ratio at a certain level. To meet the goal of increasing shareholders’ value, AHP should not use its excess cash flow to repurchase its stocks because this is only a temporary solution and may generate serious financial problems in the long run. Instead, AHP should use this excess cash to invest in profitable projects to improve its current products and launch new products that meet current market demands. By doing so, AHP can minimize the business risk, prepare itself for competition and increase sales growth. On the other hands, AHP should increase debt ratio to a certain level that is suitable for its  business to increase shareholders’ value. Also it should continue to exercise tight monetary policies as earlier to pay off the debt in a disciplined manner This solution does not bring financial risk to AHP but enable it to minimize business risk. If AHP remains only concerned about how to increase shareholders’ value and ignores market threats, it might lose its business to its competitors.

Cable vs. Satellite Tv Essay

Cable TV: Cable TV companies lay wiring throughout the areas they service, including amplifiers to make sure signal strength is good throughout. Cable can then be easily brought into your home and connected to a cable box or directly into your TV. Satellite TV: Satellite TV companies send their signal to a satellite in space, which then sends it down to the dish on your roof. The dish then needs to connect to a receiver box, which connects to your TV. What kind of equipment do I need? Cable TV: If your home is not wired for cable TV, an installer will need to run cable into your home and create a wall plate with a connector on it. You can plug directly into your TV if you want to receive a basic channel lineup. To receive a fuller menu of digital and HD channels, a cable box is required for each television you plan to use. DVRs and HD-DVRs are generally available that deliver digital and HD channels as well as extra features like the ability to record/store programming and pause live TV. Satellite TV: You’ll need to have a dish installed outside on something like a roof or balcony that has a clear view of the southern sky. Set-top boxes are required for each television you plan to use. DVRs and HD-DVRs should be available that deliver digital and HD channels as well as extra features like the ability to record/store programming and pause live TV. What kind of programming can I get? Both cable and satellite TV offer digital and HD channels, along with varying amounts of on-demand and pay-per-view programming. Cable TV almost always offers a full range of local channels, while satellite TV’s local channel availability is much more robust now than in years previous (most cities should have access to a full list of local channels). Can I get service where I live? Cable TV: If you live in a medium to large-sized city, you will very likely have access to cable TV. If you live in a very small town or isolated area, you may not be able to get service due to a lack of cable lines in the area. Satellite TV: Satellite TV can provide programming to city and countryside residents alike, as you only need to have a clear view of the southern sky for your dish. It can be problematic for renters, however, who don’t have access to a southern view or who have to pay extra building fees to install a dish. Are there any issues with reception quality? Cable TV: There are outages with cable TV service, but they are infrequent. Some areas of the country and some companies will experience this more than others. While the level of outages is quite low, when service does go out in an area, it can last for a couple of hours or longer. Satellite TV: A satellite TV signal can be affected by things like severe weather, causing a loss of picture that usually lasts a few seconds to perhaps a few minutes. Also, if your dish is knocked down due to something like high winds, you will lose reception. In the early days, someone probably denounced cable by saying, â€Å"Television is like water, and no one will ever pay for something they can get for free.† Still, people subscribed. Cable provided a tremendous service for those who couldn’t receive signals by local affiliates. It rapidly became part of the television landscape. Fifty years later, the television world is littered with cable conglomerates who now compete with satellite companies by offering hundreds of digital channels and consumer-friendly interactive services. Their goal is to get your business. Here is a comparison of common services generally provided by cable and satellite companies in the United States and Canada. PRICES Because satellite providers don’t have to pay taxes levied by local governments and feature smaller infrastructures, consumers get more bang for the buck with satellite. Right now, cable’s low-end price is better, but with a third of the channels it’s not an easy sale when compared to satellite’s lowest package. Cable companies have millions of miles of outdated lines buried below ground, and are in the process of converting their technology to digital, which will be expensive. While satellite offers lower programming packages across the board, companies do charge fees per room receiving the signal. Though, some cable companies do, too. Edge: Satellite PROGRAMMING Remember the talk of a 500-channel universe? It’s here, and cable and satellite companies are ready to transport the consumer there. While both offer similar channel packages, each has an advantage over the other. Satellite offers both east and west coast feeds and alternate sports programming for channels like ESPN and Fox Sports. Sometimes sports stations televise games based on regional interest. Their alternate feed allows the satellite viewer the choice of either game. Of course, accessibility to some of the alternate feeds might require an additional price. Cable counters by offering plans for around twenty dollars for those who want good reception without paying for the 500-channel universe, and local programming not carried by satellite providers like public access stations. Edge: Even EQUIPMENT Cable has an advantage for subscribers who don’t want digital programing because there’s no equipment needed other than a television. For the digital subscriber, cable and satellite are similar. You’ll need a converter box, remote, and compatible television. Satellite needs an unobstructed view of the southern sky to receive signals, which is a huge disadvantage for renters because their leasing company might require a deposit for satellite installation. Homeowners also assume a minimal risk by installing a dish to a side wall or roof. Edge: Cable AVAILABILITY Cable only reaches as far as their infrastructure is built while satellite has the entire southern sky. This is significant because in some deregulated markets, all cable companies don’t reach all homes. Edge: Satellite DIGITAL, HDTV, and DVR Concerning digital, high definition, and digital video recorders, cable and satellite companies are equal with one exception. Some satellite companies require an upfront purchase of the DVR and HD box. Others are like cable companies and lease boxes on a monthly basis. Purchasing a receiver is an advantage over time because monthly charges add up. All major companies offer all services in one way or another. Edge: Even BUNDLED SERVICES Bundling services is an adaptation of survival by cable and satellite companies. They either own or form partnerships with other telecommunication companies to offer television, phone, and Internet service for one low price. An example of a bundled service is SBC joining with Dish Network and Yahoo! to offer phone, satellite, and DSL. All major cable and satellite companies will offer some sort of one-bill service because that’s the trend in today’s market. Edge: Even CUSTOMER SERVICE Satellite companies flourish without store fronts because of phone and online customer services. However, store fronts are convenient because they’re a place to pay bills, change out equipment, and voice a compliment or complaint face-to-face. Edge: Cable OBLIGATION Some satellite companies require contracts and some don’t, but very few (if any) cable companies require the consumer to commit to a minimum subscription length.

Volcano Mount Vesusius Essays - Volcanology, Mount Somma

Volcano Mount Vesusius Essays - Volcanology, Mount Somma Volcano Mount Vesusius Mount Vesuvius is a volcano located in southern Italy, near the bay of Naples and the city of Naples. It is the only active volcano on the European mainland. Vesuvius rises to a height of 1277 m (4190 ft). Vesuvio (Vesuvius) is probably the most famous volcano on earth, and is one of the most dangerous. Mount Vesuvius is a strato-volcano consisting of a volcanic cone (Gran Cono) that was built within a summit caldera (Mount Somma). The Somma-Vesuvius complex has formed over the last 25,000 years by means of a sequence of eruptions of variable explosiveness, ranging from the quiet lava outpourings that characterized much of the latest activity (for example from 1881 to 1899 and from 1926 to 1930) to the explosive Plinian eruptions, including the one that destroyed Pompeii and killed thousands of people in 79 A.D. At least seven Plinian eruptions have been identified in the eruptive history of Somma-Vesuvius (1). Each was preceded by a long period of stillness, which in the case of the 79 A.D. eruption lasted about 700 years. These eruptions were fed by viscous water-rich phonotitic to tephritic phonolitic magmas that appear to have differentiated in shallow crustal conditions. They are believed to have slowly filled a reservoir where differentiation was driven by compositional convection. A minimum depth of about 3 km was inferred for the top of the magmatic reservoir from mineral equilibria of metamorphic carbonate ejecta (2). Fluid inclusions ([CO.sub.2] and [H.sub.2]O-[CO.sub.2]) in clinopyroxenes from cumulate and nodules indicate a trapping pressure of 1.0 to 2.5 kbar at about 1200 [degrees]C, suggesting that these minerals crystallized at depths of 4 to 10 km (3). The differentiated magma fraction was about 30% of the total magma in the reservoir, and a volume of about 2 to 3 [km.sup.3] was inferred for the reservoir (4). The magma ascent to the surface occurred through a conduit of possibly 70 to 100 m in diameter (5). A thermal model predicts that such a reservoir should contain a core of partially molten magma (6) that can be detected by high-resolution seismic tomography. The earliest outcropping volcanic deposits date back to about 25,000 years ago. The lavas observed at a -1125 m bore-hole are about 0,3-0,5 million years old. It is known for the first eruption of which an eyewitness account is preserved, in 79 AD. Geologically, Vesuvio is unique for its unusual versatility. Its activity ranging from Hawaiian-style release of liquid lava, fountaining and lava lakes, over Strombolian and Vulcanian activity to violently explosive, plinian events that produce pyroclastic flows and surges. Vesuvius is a complex volcano. A complex volcano is an extensive assemblage of spatially, temporally, and genetically related major and minor [volcanic] centers with there associated lava flows and pyroclastic flows. Vesuvius has a long history. The oldest dated rock from the volcano is about 300,000 years old. It was collected from a well drilled near the volcano and was probably part of the Somma volcano. After Somma collapsed about 17,000 years ago, Vesuvius began to form. Four types of eruption have been documented: a) Plinian (AD 79, Pompeii type) events with widespread air fall and major pyroclastic surges and flows; b) sub-Plinian to Plinian, more moderately sized eruptions (AD 472, 1631) with heavy tephra falls around the volcano and pyroclastic flows and surges; c) small to medium-sized, Strombolian to Vulcanian eruptions (numerous events during the 1631-1944 cycle, such as 1906 and 1944) with local heavy tephra falls and major lava flows and small pyroclastic avalanches res tricted to the active cone itself. The fourth type it is the smallest of all eruption types observed at Vesuvio. It is the persistent Strombolian to Hawaiian style eruption that characterizes almost all of an eruptive sub-cycle, such as was the case during the period 1913-1944. Activity of this kind is mainly restricted to the central crater where one or more intracrateral cones form, and to the sides of the cone. Lava flows from the summit crater or from the sub terminal vents extend beyond the cone's base. A somewhat particular kind of persistent activity is the slow release of large amounts of lava from sub terminal fractures to form thick piles of lava with little lateral extension, such